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However, previous studies on the cytogenetic profile of NK cell lines in non-malignant and malignant NK lymphoproliferative diseases suggested that additional genetic abnormalities may be involved in the multistep transformation of EBV-infected cells into malignant lymphoma. The detection of EBV-encoded RNA (EBER) aids in the diagnosis of ENKTCL in extranodal sites such as bone marrow and liver, especially when EBV-infected lymphoma cells have a low-grade appearance. However, these prognostic models do not include tumor biological characteristics nor provide information relevant to targeted treatment decisions.ĮBV infection is almost always detected in ENKTCL tumor cells. Subsequently, Epstein–Barr virus (EBV) viral titer was shown to be a biomarker for tumor load and was incorporated into the PINK model, namely, PINK-E. One of the commonly used models was the prognostic index for natural killer cell lymphoma (PINK), which consists of the following four independent factors impacting OS: age > 60 years old, stage III/IV disease, distant lymph node involvement, and non-nasal type disease. Prognostic models have been developed to categorize ENKTCL patients into risk groups to assist with prognosis and patient counselling. Although combination chemotherapy regimens that do not include anthracyclines, such as DeVIC (dexamethasone, etoposide, ifosfamide, and carboplatin), SMILE (dexamethasone, methotrexate, ifosfamide, L-asparaginase, and etoposide), and AspaMetDex (L-asparaginase, methotrexate, and dexamethasone) and radiotherapy have been shown to improve complete remission (CR) rate and OS, the 5-year OS in advanced stage disease remains around 15–25%. Conventional chemotherapy using CHOP (cyclophosphamide, doxorubicin, vincristine, and prednisone) or CHOP-like regimens is associated with an overall response rate (ORR) of less than 60% and a 5-year overall survival (OS) rate of less than 50%. High expression of P-glycoprotein in ENKTCL has been suggested to be the mechanism for its intrinsic drug resistance. ENKTCL is notorious for its resistance to anthracycline-based chemotherapy, including cyclophosphamide, adriamycin, and vincristine. Issues of quality control and technical difficulties will also be discussed, along with future prospects in the molecular diagnosis and treatment of NKTCL.Įxtranodal natural killer (NK)/T-cell lymphoma (NKTCL) is a highly aggressive non-Hodgkin lymphoma that is prevalent in Asia and South America and is characterized by a high relapse rate as well as a poor prognosis. This article will review the latest molecular findings in NKTCL and recent advances in the field of molecular diagnosis in NKTCL. The molecular findings could potentially influence the traditional chemoradiotherapy approach, which is known to be associated with significant toxicity.

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The adoption of high-throughput sequencing has allowed us to gain more insight into the molecular mechanisms of ENKTCL, which largely involve chromosome deletion and aberrations in Janus kinase (JAK)-signal transducer and activator of transcription (STAT), programmed cell death protein-1 (PD-1)/PD-ligand 1 (PD-L1) pathways, as well as mutations in tumor suppressor genes.

Epstein–Barr virus (EBV) infection has long been proposed as the major etiology of lymphomagenesis. It occurs in two pathological forms, namely, extranodal NKTCL (ENKTCL) and aggressive NK leukemia, according to the latest World Health Organization (WHO) classification. Record, create and share your GIFs with the built-in Dropbox, Google Drive, and Imgur integrations.Natural killer (NK)/T-cell lymphoma (NKTCL) is an aggressive malignancy with unique epidemiological, histological, molecular, and clinical characteristics. This tool also features a set of capturing options accessible via the preferences window, letting you explicitly control the recording and output. Gifox introduces a completely new way of continuous screen capturing with window selection mode. It's your best companion for micro-screencasts & product demos, animated instructions & bug reporting, and selective on-screen video capturing. Gifox is a beautifully-designed and masterfully-crafted app that records your screen into animated GIFs – the great alternative between static images and full-size videos.